Which Viceroy implemented the Universities Act of 1904?

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A. Lord Curzon A.

B. Lord Minto B.

C. Lord Ripon C.

D. Lord Dufferin D.

The Universities Act of 1904 was implemented under the viceroyalty of Lord Curzon (1899–1905). Key Details:

Background:
- Curzon appointed the Raleigh Commission (1901) to review university education in India.
- Based on its recommendations, the Act aimed to reform universities (Calcutta, Bombay, Madras, Punjab, and Allahabad) to curb "political unrest" and improve academic standards.
Provisions of the Act:
- Centralised Control: Increased government oversight over universities (e.g., government nominees in Senates/Syndicates).
- Stricter Affiliation: Tightened rules for colleges seeking university affiliation.
- Academic Focus: Emphasised teaching/research over examination-oriented systems.
- Funding: Raised university fees, reducing accessibility for Indians.
Controversy: Nationalists (e.g., Gopal Krishna Gokhale) criticised it as "educational repression" for stifling academic freedom and nationalist sentiments.

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